What does this refer to in biological terms?
Classification of fruit (see handout for diagrams)
A.Botanical
1. Simple fruits –-single ovary and associated structures
(1.1) Fleshy fruits
(a) Berry, fleshy/ pulpy pericarp surrounded by skin, e.g. tomato, grape
(i) Pepo - thick inseparable rind e.g. melon
(ii)Hesperidium - leathery separable rind e.g. orange
(b) Drupe Stone fruit, e.g. plum, peach, apricot
(c) Pome - apples, pears
(1.2) Dry fruits
(a)Dehiscent (split open at maturity)
(i) Legume – peas, beans
(ii) Follicle
(iii) Capsule
(b)Indehiscent (do not split open)
(i) Grain wheat, corn
(ii) Achene
(iii) Samara
(iv) Nut – hazel, brazil
2. Aggregate fruits Composed of many small fruitlets all from one flower with many ovaries e.g. blackberry, raspberry, boysenberry
3. Multiple fruits Develop from the ovaries of many flowers, e.g. fig, pineapple
B. Climate
Tropical and subtropical fruits e.g papayas, bananas, mangoes, pineapples, figs, dates
Important transport and storage conditions for these to avoid loss of flavour volatiles, e.g papaya
and induction of chilling injury, e.g. banana- brown-grey discoloration
C. Composition
Citrus - high in citric acid eg oranges, lemons, grapefruit
Manipulation of biology for food
Harvested at immature stage and allowed to ripen in storage, e.g. tomatoes
Or harvested at green stage e.g. bananas are artificially ripened by exposure to ethylene.
Some fruits harvested at immature stage may fail to ripen properly causing poor flavour development
Some tropical fruit fail to ripen properly at low temperatures compared to higher temperatures of native environment, e.g. papaya
During ripening novel proteins, mRNAs, pigments and flavour compounds are synthesized
The plant cell
Bounded by cell wall external to the plasma membrane
Large central vacuole
Plastids - chloroplasts, chromoplasts, leucoplasts (amyloplasts- starch, elaioplasts- oil)
Golgi & ER
Crystals, raphides – irritate gums, eg pineapple
Composed of calcium oxalate, rhubarb
Cells in edible parts of fruit mostly parenchyma

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